Infectious Disease
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Infectious Disease
Infectious Disease: A New Era of Antimicrobial Innovation Amid Global Threats
Infectious diseases remain a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality. The rise of drug- resistant pathogens, emerging viruses, and pandemics has driven rapid innovation in antimicrobial development—culminating in several novel agents approved by the FDA between 2019 and 2025.
New FDA-Approved Agents (2019–2025)
| Year | Agent | Company | Indication / Novelty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | Pretomanid | TB Alliance | XDR/MDR TB – first-in-class nitroimidazole for drug-resistant TB (fda.gov) |
| 2019 | Lefamulin (Xenleta) | Nabriva | Oral/IV antibiotic for CABP; first systemic pleuromutilin |
| 2019 | Lefamulin | Included above | — |
| 2019 | Cefiderocol (Fetroja) | Shionogi | Carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative cUTI |
| 2019 | Recarbrio (imipenem/cilastatin/relebactam) | Merck | Resistant Gram-negative infections |
| 2020 | Remdesivir (Veklury) | Gilead | Hospitalized COVID-19 |
| 2021 | Ibrexafungerp (Brexafemme) | Scynexis | First oral triterpenoid antifungal for VVC |
| 2021 | Apretude (cabotegravir) | ViiV | Long-acting HIV PrEP injection |
| 2021 | Fexinidazole | Sanofi/DNDi | First all-oral sleeping sickness therapy |
| 2023 | Rezafungin (Rezzayo) | Cidara/Melinta | Once-weekly echinocandin for candidemia |
| 2023 | Sulbactam–durlobactam (Xacduro) | Entasis | Resistant A. baumannii pneumonia |
| 2023 | Paxlovid (nirmatrelvir/ritonavir) | Pfizer | Oral COVID-19 antiviral |
| 2024 | Ceftobiprole (Zevtera) | Basilea | SAB, ABSSSI, CABP |
| 2024 | Pivmecillinam (Pivya) | FDA-initiated | Uncomplicated UTI in women |
| 2025 | Emblaveo (aztreonam/avibactam) | AbbVie/Pfizer | cIAI with resistant pathogens |
| 2025 | Yeztugo (lenacapavir) | Gilead | Biannual injectable HIV PrEP; capsid inhibitor |
| 2025 | Clesrovimab (Enflonsia) | Merck | Prophylaxis for RSV in infants via monoclonal antibody |
Emerging Therapeutic Strategies
- ● Long-acting injectables: Cabotegravir and lenacapavir make disease prevention more convenient and adherence-friendly.
- ● New antifungal agents: Ibrexafungerp and rezafungin combat resistant fungal strains.
- ● Monoclonals for prevention: Clesrovimab offers passive RSV immunity in vulnerable infants.
- ● Resistance-focused antibiotics: Emblaveo and cefiderocol tackle hard-to-treat Gram- negative infections.
- ● Global health breakthroughs: Pretomanid and fexinidazole provide essential tools in the fight against neglected tropical diseases.
Diagnostics & Stewardship
Precision antimicrobials demand precise diagnostics:
- ● Rapid molecular tests and resistance gene panels enable targeted therapy.
- ● Stewardship programs in hospitals guide appropriate use, minimizing resistance emergence.
Future Directions
The infectious disease training landscape is evolving:
- ● Pan-viral agents ready for future outbreaks
- ● Phage therapy to target resistant microorganisms
- ● RNA-based therapies and vaccines fueled by mRNA technology acceleration
- ● Global access initiatives, especially for underserved regions and neglected diseases
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